Manufacturing Technology Journal - Latest articles
Results 1 to 30 of 304:
Innovative Design of a Transtibial Prosthetic Socket through Integration of QFD, Reverse Engineering, and 3D Printing
Rosnani Ginting, Aulia Ishak, Fadylla Ramadhani Putri Nasution, Rinaldi Silalahi
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):778-787 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.085 
This study focuses on addressing the challenges faced by individuals with physical disabilities, particu-larly lower body impairments, by developing a stump socket using Reverse Engineering (RE), 3D Printing, and QFD. The integration of these three methods is something new in product design devel-opment, especially prosthetic products. The research adopted a three-step methodology: 3D scanning the stump, obtaining precise measurements, and fabricating a stump socket using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. QFD will produce technical requirements (TR) derived from consumer needs and brainstorming with prosthetists. TR will be the basis for...
Comparison and Verification of Stress Measurement Results Using the Barkhausen Effect during Three-Point Bending
Tomasz Domański, Wiesława Piekarska, Milan Saga, Zbigniew Saternus, Marcin Kubiak, Milan Vasko
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):751-757 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.084
Non-destructive stress measurement techniques are extremely important and are still being developed in engineering research and diagnostics of materials. They allow for a quick assessment of their condition without damaging the structure. Their development is crucial for the safety of structures and extending the life of materials. One of the new methods is the measurement of stress using the Barkhausen effect. The MagStress 5d device was used for the tests. In this work, stress measurements were performed using the MagStress 5D device during three-point bending of a steel flat bar. The results were verified using resistance strain gauges and numerical...
Characterization of microstructure and defects in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by 3D printing SLM technology
Kateřina Caldová, Andrea Školáková, Jan Pinc, Dalibor Vojtěch
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):735-741 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.083
The Ti-6Al-4V alloy is widely used as a material for medical implants. In the future, it may be employed for 3D printing using the selective laser melting method. The advantages of 3D printing are for example production of complex shapes or ability to create customized implants. One of the disadvantages of this method is the deterioration of mechanical properties, particularly the ductility of the alloy, caused by high residual stress resulting from rapid cooling during printing. This article aims to characterize the microstructure and defects of the printed alloy and the impact of hot isostatic pressing. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy,...
Sinterhardening Process of Lean Cr-Mo Prealloyed Steel for Moderately Loaded Applications
Dmitriy Koblik, Miroslava Ťavodová, Monika Vargová, Richard Hnilica, Nataša Náprstková
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):771-777 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.082
The article deals with sinterhardening process of lean Cr-Mo prealloyed steel for moderately loaded applications. New material Astaloy CrS with low alloying volume of chromium and molybdenum was analyzed as possible basis for sinterhardening process. Standard mechanical properties of frequently used and more expensive materials such as DistaloyDH and Astaloy CrM are chosen as a compara-tive criterion. Astaloy CrS+0.85%C samples with different compaction densities and Ni content were studied, mechanical properties and hardness after sinterhardening process were compared. The influ-ence of additional high-temperature sintering on mechanical properties...
Study on the Molding Process of Corncob/Chitosan Composites
Yuping Xia, Zhe Luo
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):794-806 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.081
In order to address the pollution caused by petroleum-based plastics and increase the added value of agricultural waste, this study aims to develop an environmentally friendly wood composite material using agricultural waste corncob (CC) and biomass material chitosan (CS) as the matrix, and optimise its molding process to improve its physical and mechanical properties. Based on the single-factor test, the relatively optimal process parameters were preliminarily determined as follows: the CS concentration is 1.8%, the pressure is 25 MPa, and the temperature is 135 °C. At this time, the comprehensive properties of the material reach a density of 1.47...
Determining the Force Required to Remove a Screw from a Human Vertebra
Patrik Balcar, Petr Vachata, Martin Svoboda, Jan Lodin, Michal Lattner, Antonín Svoboda, Edita Pichlová
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):721-727 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.080
The article describes a pilot experiment of mechanical testing of 3D printed vertebrae with an inserted screw. The main goal of this work was to verify the design of a measurement methodology for experimentally determining the mechanical properties of vertebrae produced using 3D printing and also for determining the load-bearing capacity of a screw when it is drilled into a vertebra. The work describes the construction of a special fixture with which it is possible to clamp test samples for tensile testing. The stud screws were pulled out of a real or printed vertebra using a tearing machine. Testing was performed on porcine and 3D printed vertebrae....
Formation of TiO2 Hollow Nanoparticles Studied by in Situ TEM
Nikoleta Štaffenová, Lucia Bajtošová, Elena Chochoľaková, Jan Hanuš, Miroslav Cieslar
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):788-793 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.079
Hollow TiO₂ architectures are attractive for catalysis and sensing but typically produced by wet-chemical templating and sub-micron sizes. Here we demonstrate a dry, template-free route to nanoscale hollow shells by combining DC magnetron sputtering with in situ TEM heating. Heating to 900 °C produces sub-50 nm TiO₂ hollow shells with ~20 nm compact walls via oxidation-driven Kirkendall hollowing. The oxide evolves from amorphous at low temperature to anatase locally (~500 °C) and then to a rutile/brookite mixture by ~600 °C. The hollow architecture withstands a temperature of 900 °C without measurable sintering. Beam-off regions and ex-situ...
Tensile Behaviour of Zn–Mg Heterostructured Materials for Biodegradable Implant Applications
Anna Boukalová, David Nečas, Drahomír Dvorský, Jan Šťovíček, Jan Pokorný, Jiří Kubásek
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):728-734 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.078
Biodegradable zinc-based alloys have recently attracted attention as promising candidates for temporary implant applications due to their favourable corrosion behaviour and biocompatibility. In this study, three materials — pure Zn, Zn–1Mg alloy, and a Zn + Zn–1Mg composite — were fabricated via powder metallurgy and extrusion to evaluate their microstructural characteristics and tensile performance. The composite material was designed to combine ductile Zn regions with a reinforcing Zn–1Mg network, aiming to achieve a balance of strength and ductility. Microstructural analysis revealed coarse-grained Zn regions surrounded...
Heat Treatment-Induced Microstructural Changes in Selectively Laser Melted AlSi10Mg Alloy
Alice Chlupová, Jakub Poloprudský, Michal Jambor, Jaromír Brůža, Ladislav Poczklán, Jiří Man
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):742-750 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.077
The study examines the effect of various post-processing heat treatments on the microstructural evolution and hardness of the AlSi10Mg alloy produced by selective laser melting (SLM). The alloy was examined in the as-built (AB) condition and after three heat treatment regimes: direct aging (DA, 160°C/5 h), stress relieving (SR, 300°C/2 h), and solution annealing followed by artificial aging (SA, 520°C/2 h + 170°C/4 h) to better understand the solidification and consolidation processes. A multiscale characterization using OM, SEM, EBSD, TEM, and EDS was performed to reveal the changes in specific microstructures due to additive manufacturing and different...
Numerical and Experimental Study into forming of the longitudinal Externally Spline Sleeves by internally rotary Ballizing Process
Ayman Ali Abd-Eltwab, Emad A. Fahmy, Mohamed N. El-Sheikh, Ahmed M.I. Abu-Oqail, Hammad T. Elmetwally, Eman S. M. Abd-Elhalim
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(6):758-770 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.076
longitudinal externally splined parts have garnered increasing attention due to their critical role in power transmission across various industrial applications. This study explores the use of the internally rotating ballizing technique for manufacturing these components. The process was analyzed both experimentally and numerically through a mathematical model. The experimental investigation focused on key process parameters, including die rotational speed (50, 63, 80, 100, 125, 160, 200, 250, and 315 rpm), axial feed rate (0.13, 0.15, 0.18, and 0.21 mm/rev), interference between the balls and the tubular sample (cross in-feed: 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5...
Airflow Resistivity Measurements of Acoustic Poroelastic Materials and their Influencing Factors
Attila Schweighardt, Balázs Vehovszky, Dániel Feszty
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):678-688 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.075
In the automotive sector, poroelastic materials (PEMs) are used as trim elements to achieve the desired interior acoustics of a vehicle. This study examines the effect of manufacturing as well as measurement techniques on airflow resistivity. This property plays a key role in the acoustic behavior of PEMs. First, the importance of engineering acoustics and poroelastic materials in vehicle industry is reviewed, followed by the introduction of the most important properties and their measurement techniques. Next, the theory and the measurement techniques used to determine resistivity via direct method are detailed. Then the factors influencing the results...
Effect of Laser Shock Peening and Hot Isostatic Pressing on the Microstructure of MoNiCr Nickel Based Alloy
David Bricín, Zbyněk Špirit, Josef Strejciu, Antonín Kříž
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):582-588 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.074
This study aimed to evaluate the change in the microstructure of MoNiCr nickel-based alloy because of specimen surface modification by laser shock peening (LSP) followed by heat treatment using the hot isostatic pressing technology (HIP). Specimens which were cut from casted ingot had 7 mm in thickness and 117 mm in diameter. LSP surface modification was performed in a 60x60 mm square grid on the central part of each of them. Different values of laser power density in combination with or without tape or underwater condition were used for that operation. Specimens were then cut in half. One part each of them was left in LSP surface treatment conditions,...
Evaluation of Dimensional Accuracy and Surface Topography of Plastic Parts
Eva Jurickova, Stepan Kolomy, Josef Sedlak, Denisa Hrusecka, Petra Sliwkova, Jiri Vitek
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):607-617 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.073
The objective of this paper is the evaluation of dimensional and geometric accuracy and surface to-pography of milled parts from plastic. This evaluation was done on 10 samples from various thermo-plastics made by extrusion and FDM 3D printing. The samples were then milled. One side was milled dry while the other was milled with cutting fluid, which has improved the texture of the result-ing machined surfaces in most cases, for example with printed PLA, where Ra was reduced by 1.8 µm. For determining the dimensional and geometric accuracy, two parameters were chosen, those being distance and parallelism. For evaluating the surface topography,...
In Situ TEM and Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Grain Growth in Nanocrystalline Cu Nanoparticles
Lucia Bajtošová, Mia Myšičková, Nikoleta Štaffenová, Elena Chochoľaková, Jan Hanuš, Jan Fikar, Miroslav Cieslar
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):576-581 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.072
The thermal stability of nanocrystalline Cu nanoparticles was investigated using a combination of in situ TEM annealing experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Nanoparticles prepared by a gas aggregation source exhibit an average size of ~100 nm and are predominantly polycrystalline, with grains of ~25 nm. Upon annealing up to 600 °C, the particles preserve their external morphology without signs of sintering, while their internal structure evolves through progressive grain growth. Orientation mapping revealed an increase in Σ3 and other special boundaries, consistent with the tendency of grain boundary networks to evolve toward low-energy...
Experimental Measurement of Defects Propagation for a Passenger Car Tire Casing under Dynamic Loading
Ján Vavro jr., Ján Vavro, Lukáš Klimek, Miloš Taraba, Tomasz Domański, Zbigniew Saternus, Petra Dubcová
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):698-710 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.071
The given paper deals with the defects propagation in car tires for passenger vehicles under dynamic loading. The occurrence of defects has the significant influence on the lifetime and quality of the tire, especially during its operation as a part of the vehicle. The given defects are closely connected with a safety in road traffic. The aim of the study was to carry out a non-destructive analysis of the car tire for the purpose to analyze the defects propagation as well as to introduce the defects classification and their location along with the whole course of rupture as a result of increasing speed, loading and the number of hours or kilometers...
Mechanical Alloying, an Innovative Way of Zinc Preparation for Biomaterial Preparation
David Nečas, Jan Blažek, Jan Pokorný, Anna Boukalová, Jiří Kubásek
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):662-669 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.070
In this study, binary zinc-based alloys (Zn–1Mg, Zn–1Li, Zn–2Mn, wt.%) were synthesized by performing mechanical alloying (MA) of elemental powders, followed by consolidation using spark plasma sintering (SPS). The processing parameters were optimized to obtain homogeneous powders with controlled particle size. X-ray diffraction and SEM analyses confirmed the presence of secondary intermetallic phases (Mg2Zn11, Zn13Mn, ZnLi2 phases) formed during milling, which were preserved after SPS. Microstructural examination revealed a fine-grained microstructure with residual oxide networks originating from powder surfaces. Mechanical testing...
Elevator Vibrations and Ways to Reduce Them
Tereza Jarosova, Lenka Rychlikova, Blanka Skocilasova, Frantisek Klimenda
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):597-606 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.069
The article deals with the measurement of the vibrations in passenger elevators. The introduction of an article briefly discusses machine vibrations and their impact on machine design and the surrounding environment. The basic equations from which the equations of motion are derived are listed here. The importance of analyzing machine vibrations in their design, or rather proposing solutions to reduce vi-brations during machine reconstruction, is emphasized. Specifically, attention is paid to vibrations gen-erated during an elevator operation in the elevator shaft. This is an elevator for transporting people in a newly constructed 5-story building....
Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Fuel on Engine Oil Life
Pavol Mikuš, Alena Breznická, Marcel Kohutiar, Michal Krbaťa, Milan Jus, Lucia Kakošová, Jozef Fekiač
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):655-661 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.068
The fuel content of engine oil is a significant factor affecting its degradation processes, lubricating properties and overall service life, especially in the case of modern internal combustion engines equipped with turbocharging, direct injection and exhaust gas recuperation systems. This study analyzes the dilution of engine oil with fuel in diesel and gasoline engines of vehicles with different degrees of wear, represented by the number of kilometers driven. The main objective of the research is to identify the relationship between the fuel concentration in the oil and changes in its physicochemical properties, as well as the potential impact of...
Strategy for Fabricating Tree-Like Branched Al-Al₂Cu Heterogeneous Nanostructures for Future Application in Battery Anodes
Elena Chochoľaková, Lucia Bajtošová, Nikoleta Štaffenová, Jan Hanuš, Peter Minárik, Miroslav Cieslar
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):589-596 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.067
Tree-like branched Al-Al₂Cu heterogeneous nanostructures with a high surface area ratio were successfully fabricated using magnetron sputtering of Al matrix and Cu nanoparticles, followed by in situ annealing. The method enables precise control over the composition and morphology of the nanosized columnar Al₂Cu phase grown on the substrate and embedded in the Al matrix. The formation of Al₂Cu begins at the initial locations of sputtered Cu nanoparticles. Further annealing promotes their coalescence and coarsening. Orientation relationships examined in several Al₂Cu particles revealed a semi-coherency with the Al matrix. The...
Research on Optimization Design and Processing Technology of Engine Intake System Based on NX and Fluent
Jun Zhang, Ruqian Gao, Yangfang Wu
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):711-719 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.066
To design an engine intake system that complies with FSC racing regulations while achieving enhanced operational stability, this study conducts a comprehensive review of domestic and international research advancements in racing engine intake systems. Through computational fluid dynamics simulations performed in Workbench Fluent, critical structural parameters of the restrictor valve were optimized, resulting in a 12.06% improvement in outlet mass flow rate compared to the baseline design. A three-dimensional parametric model of the racing intake system was developed using Siemens NX platform. Taking the intake plenum chamber as a representative component,...
The Influence of Solidification Route on As-cast Microstructures of Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zr-Sc Alloy
Rostislav Králík, Lucia Bajtošová, Barbora Kihoulou, Tomáš Krajňák, Miroslav Cieslar
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):626-644 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.065
The influence of the casting method on the microstructures of Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Zr-Sc was examined. The techniques include mold casting, twin-roll casting, and melt spinning. Estimated solidification rates up to 107 K·s−1 produce dendritic solidification with eutectic cells ranging from 500 nm to 50 μm, decorated by primary phase particles with thicknesses from 200 nm to 3 μm. Exceeding this solidification rate results in near-diffusionless solidification, which traps more solutes in the matrix. This type of solidification yields a more supersaturated material with nearly 90% of the total Cu content in the matrix and a fine dispersion...
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Ferritic-Perlitic and Martenzitic Pipe Steels
Anna Knaislová, Jan Zmeko, Matěj Reiser, Nikola Macháčková, Dalibor Vojtěch
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):618-625 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.064
This study investigates the susceptibility of two pipeline steels, ferritic–pearlitic CSN 12022 and martensitic L80, to hydrogen embrittlement. Electrolytic hydrogen charging increased the absorbed hydrogen content approximately fivefold in both steels, with the martensitic grade showing higher uptake due to its dense dislocation network and carbide distribution. Tensile tests demonstrated that hydrogen had little influence on yield or ultimate tensile strength but caused a severe reduction in ductility. Elongation dropped from 39 % to 13 % in CSN 12022 and from 25 % to 11 % in L80. Fractographic analysis confirmed a transition from ductile dimple...
Temperature Matters: Annealing Effects on Silver Protection and Tungsten Oxidation in W@Ag Core-Shell Powder
Angelina Strakošová, Pavel Lejček, Ilona Voňavková, Vojtěch Dalibor
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):689-697 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.063
Core-shell powders have been extensively studied due to their complex structure and wide range of applications. W@Ag core-shell powders are particularly interesting due to the synergy between the tungsten and silver, which can be beneficial in the electronics industry. However, knowledge of their thermal stability is limited, particularly concerning the impact of annealing temperatures on structural integrity and oxidation resistance. In this work, W@Ag core-shell powder was heat-treated in the temperature range 100–700 °C for 1 h in air. Investigation of the microstructural changes using scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive...
Fast and Cost-effective Calibration Method of Assembly Errors on Rotary Axes of Five-axis Machine Tools
Yongqiang Pan, Yue Tang
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):670-677 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.062
Five-axis machine tools are key equipment to process impellers, blades, and other precision mechanical parts. However, the accuracy of the machine tools is significantly influenced by assembly errors, and over time, these errors may change, further impacting the machining accuracy. Traditional laser interferometry technology can identify such assembly errors. The development of on-machine measurement technology has enabled methods that utilize on-machine measurement for assembly error calibration, improving calibration efficiency. The study introduces an efficient method to calibrate the assembly errors of machine tool rotary axes. First, the kinematic...
Push-Type Rotary Steering Mandrel Mechanical Analysis and Life Prediction
Wenzhe Li, Ye Chen, Jichuan Zhang, Xudong Wang, Pengcheng Wu, Chengyu Ma, Xiumei Wan, Xing Chen
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):645-654 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.061
The push-type rotary steerable core bearing has high load capacity and high precision, and has been widely used in oil and gas drilling field. Its service life is difficult to predict due to various complex working conditions. Based on the finite element method, this paper establishes a three-dimensional rotating guide mandrel model to calculate and analyze the mechanical simulation of the guide mandrel under different working conditions, and establishes the corresponding life prediction model to predict its life. The results show that reducing the torque and speed in the range of drilling requirements is conducive to improving the overall life of...
Strain Field Determination for Additively Manufactured Thermoplastics Using Computer Vision
Jaroslav Majko, Ondrej Piroh, Ján Minárik, Milan Vaško, Marián Handrik, Milan Sága, Zbigniew Saternus
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(4):511-520 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.060
The effective application of additively manufactured materials requires accurate identification of their mechanical properties as well as damage mechanisms. Computer vision offers a novel approach for non-contact measurements, enabling the identification of selected mechanical properties. This paper presents a new method based on image analysis and the detection of circular markers for non-contact displacement measurements. The core principle involves detecting the centers of gravity of the circular markers formed on the sample under investigation. The centers of gravity are evaluated on each image created during the tensile test, representing nodal...
Improving Strength and Ductility in Mg–Y–Zn alloy via Pre-deformation Prior to Extrusion
Drahomír Dvorský, Yoshihito Kawamura, Shin-Ichi Inoue, Jiří Kubásek, David Nečas, Luděk Heller, Esther De Prado, Jan Duchoň, Petr Svora, Miroslav Čavojský, Dalibor Vojtěch
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(4):455-459 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.059
The Mg-Y-Zn alloy system is well known for its outstanding combination of high strength and ductility, even at relatively low concentrations of alloying elements. This exceptional performance is primarily at-tributed to its characteristic microstructure, which features Long-Period Stacking Ordered (LPSO) phas-es and the distinctive Mille-Feuille Structure (MFS). Kink-induced strengthening, developed during thermomechanical processing, has emerged as a promising strategy to simultaneously enhance strength and ductility. In this study, the beneficial effect of pre-deformation aimed at introducing additional kinks into the microstructure prior to extrusion...
Geometric Accuracy of Elements Made Using the FFF Method from Selected Polymers with Different Internal Structure Densities
Małgorzata Gontarz-Kulisiewicz, Jacek Bernaczek, Mariusz Dębski
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(4):489-499 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.058
Due to their availability and ease of use, additive techniques are experiencing dynamic development. This applies to both the industrial sector and individual recipients. The authors of numerous publications address in their research the subject of the influence of selected printing process parameters on the strength of models, usually made using selected MEX (Material Extrusion) methods. Among the MEX methods, the most frequently chosen are the FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) and FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) methods. This is due to the high availability and low cost of devices using the methods mentioned above and the high availability of polymer...
Surface Morphology and Ablation Efficiency in DUV Ultrafast Laser Micromachining of Fused Silica
Jan Novotný, Libor Mrňa, Josef Sedlák, Štěpán Kolomý
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(4):521-530 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.057
Fused silica is a key material for high-precision applications such as micro-optics and microfluidics. One route to improving direct laser writing (DLW) of fused silica is the use of shorter laser wavelengths, which enable tighter focusing and enhanced absorption. In this study, the influence of process parameters on surface quality and material removal during DLW using a deep ultraviolet (DUV) ultrafast laser (257 nm, 1 ps) was investigated. A full-factorial design of the experiment was used to identify conditions that optimise both surface quality and ablation efficiency. Surface roughness as low as Sa ≈ 200 nm and material removal...
Experimental Evaluation of Vibration Responses to Progressive Gear Damage in Planetary Gear
Tomáš Gajdošík, Matúš Vereš, Igor Gajdáč, Ronald Bašťovanský
Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(4):469-481 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.056
This study presents a systematic experimental analysis of vibration responses in a planetary gearbox (type A2000) under both undamaged and artificially induced fault conditions. The primary aim was to identify specific frequency-domain signatures of various types and severities of gear defects—such as pitting on the flanks of gear teeth, missing teeth, unbalance of the carrier, and damage to the ring gear—through spectral analysis of vibration signals. Measurements were conducted in both loaded and unloaded states using non-contact torque sensors and a multi-channel diagnostic system (SKF IMx-S) with tri-axial accelerometers. The results...