Manufacturing Technology 2025, 25(5):678-688 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2025.075

Airflow Resistivity Measurements of Acoustic Poroelastic Materials and their Influencing Factors

Attila Schweighardt ORCID..., Balázs Vehovszky ORCID..., Dániel Feszty ORCID...
Audi Hungaria Faculty of Automotive Engineering, Department of Whole Vehicle Engineering, Széchenyi István University. Egyetem tér 1, 9026 Győr. Hungary

In the automotive sector, poroelastic materials (PEMs) are used as trim elements to achieve the desired interior acoustics of a vehicle. This study examines the effect of manufacturing as well as measurement techniques on airflow resistivity. This property plays a key role in the acoustic behavior of PEMs. First, the importance of engineering acoustics and poroelastic materials in vehicle industry is reviewed, followed by the introduction of the most important properties and their measurement techniques. Next, the theory and the measurement techniques used to determine resistivity via direct method are detailed. Then the factors influencing the results and their quantified effects are presented. More than 10 influencing factors are identified and examined, from which the inhomogeneity, resulting from the production technology proved to be the most significant. The results obtained with direct and inverse methods are compared for validation purposes and to determine the achievable accuracy of the inverse method. The average difference between the two methods is 4.54%, which means that the inverse method can provide a good approximation. Finally, conclusions are drawn and suggestions are made for the future.

Keywords: Acoustics, Material Characterization, Airflow Resistivity, Direct Method, Inverse Method
Grants and funding:

Supported by the EKÖP-24-4-I-SZE-137 UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM of the Ministry for Culture and Innovation from the source of the National Research, Development and Innovation Fund

Received: August 30, 2025; Revised: November 27, 2025; Accepted: November 30, 2025; Prepublished online: December 6, 2025; Published: December 8, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Schweighardt A, Vehovszky B, Feszty D. Airflow Resistivity Measurements of Acoustic Poroelastic Materials and their Influencing Factors. Manufacturing Technology. 2025;25(5):678-688. doi: 10.21062/mft.2025.075.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. BIOT, M. A. (1941). General theory of three-dimensional consolidation. In: Journal of Applied Physics, Go to original source...
    2. Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 155 - 164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1712886. Go to original source...
    3. [2] BIOT, M.A. (1956). Theory of propagation of elastic waves in a fluid-saturated porous solid. I. Low-Frequency Range. In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 168 - 178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1908239. Go to original source...
    4. [3] BIOT, M. A. (1956). Theory of Propagation of Elastic Waves in a Fluid-Saturated Porous Solid. II. Higher Frequency Range. In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 179 - 191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1908241. Go to original source...
    5. [4] SIPOS, D. (2023). Simulation of full vehicle acoustics in mid-frequency range. Doctoral dissertation: Széchenyi István University, Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Engineering Sciences.
    6. [5] SCHWEIGHARDT, A. (2024). Development of Biot-parameters measurement methodology for improving the reliability of vehicle NVH simulations. Doctoral dissertation: Széchenyi István University, Doctoral School of Multidisciplinary Engineering Sciences.
    7. [6] LANGLOIS, C., PANNETON, R., ATALLA, N. (2001). Polynomial relations for quasi-static mechanical characterization of isotropic poroelastic materials. In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 110, No. 6, pp. 3032 - 3040. Go to original source...
    8. [7] ALLARD, J. F. (1993). Propagation of Sound in Porous Media: Modeling Sound Absorbing Materials. Book: Elsevier Applied Science, London. Go to original source...
    9. [8] SALISSOU, Y., PANNETON, R. (2007). Pressure/mass method to measure open porosity and porous solid. In: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 101, No. 12, pp. 142 - 143. DOI: 10.1063/1.2749486. Go to original source...
    10. [9] RAVINDRAN, A. (2007). Investigation of inverse acoustical characterization of porous materials used in aircraft noise control application. Thesis: Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering.
    11. [10] Standard: ASTM E2611-19. (2019). Standard Test Method for Measurement of Normal Incidence Sound Transmission of Acoustical Materials Based on the Transfer Matrix Method.
    12. [11] BIL'OVÁ, M., LUMNITZER, E. (2011). Acoustical parameters of porous materials and their measurement.
    13. In: Acta Technica Corviniensis-Bulletin of Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 39 - 42. ISSN: 2067-3809.
    14. [12] International Organization for Standardization: ISO 9053. (2018). Acoustics - Materials for acoustical applications - Determination for airflow resistance.
    15. [13] DRAGONETTI R., IANNIELLO, C., ROMANO, R. A. (2011). Measurement of the resistivity of porous materials with an alternating air-flow method. In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 129, No. 2, pp. 753 - 764. DOI: 10.1121/1.3523433. Go to original source...
    16. [14] SEBAA, N., FELLAH, Z. E. A., FELLAH, M., LAURIKS, W., DEPOLLIER, C. (2005). Measuring flow resistivity of porous material via acoustic reflected waves. In: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 98, No. 8, pp. 753 - 764. DOI: 10.1063/1.2099510. Go to original source...
    17. [15] TAO, J., WANG, P., QIU, X., PAN, J. (2015). Static flow resistivity measurements based on the ISO 10534.2 standard impedance tube. In: Building and Environment, Vol. 94, No. 2, pp. 853 - 858. ISSN: 0360-1323. Go to original source...
    18. [16] TANG, X., YAN, X. (2020). Airflow resistance of acoustical fibrous materials: Measurements, calculations and applications. In: Journal of Industrial Textiles, Vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 981 - 1010. DOI: 10.1177/1528083718805714. Go to original source...
    19. [17] JOSHI, M. P., SHRAVAGE, P., JAIN, S. K., KARANTH, N. V. (2011). A Comparative Study on Flow Resistivity for Different Polyurethane Foam Samples. In: Journal of Acoustical Society of India, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 153 - 157.
    20. [18] HOROSHENKOV, K., KHAN, A., BÉCOT, F. et al. (2007). Reproducibility experiments on measuring acoustical properties of rigid-frame porous media (round-robin tests). In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 122, No. 1, pp. 345 - 353. DOI: 10.1121/1.2739806. Go to original source...
    21. [19] POMPOLI, F., BONFIGLIO, P., HOROSHENKOV, K. et al. (2017). How reproducible is the acoustical characterization of porous media? In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 141, No. 2, Go to original source...
    22. pp. 945 - 955. ISSN: 0001-4966, DOI: 10.1121/1.4976087. Go to original source...
    23. [20] International Organization for Standardization: ISO 9053-1, First edition 2018-1, Acoustics - Determination of airflow resistance - Part 1: Static airflow method.
    24. [21] Online source: https://www.astm.org/c0522-03r16.html (26.02.2024).
    25. [22] Online source: https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/porosity-and-permeability (28.08.2024).
    26. [23] Online source: https://in.omega.com/pptst/PX655.html (26.02.2024).
    27. [24] Online source: https://br.omega.com/omegaFiles/pressure/pdf/PX655.pdf (26.02.2024).
    28. [25] Online source: https://mecanum.com/measuring-instruments/conventional-tubes/ (28.04.2025).
    29. [26] GAJDO©ÍK, T., VERE©, M., GAJDÁČ, I., BA©«OVANSKÝ, R. (2025). Experimental Evaluation of Vi-bration Responses to Progressive Gear Damage in Planetary Gear. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 25, Go to original source...
    30. No. 4, pp. 469 - 481.
    31. [27] FLEK, J., KARAS, T., DUB, M. et al. (2024). Experimental Identification of Gear Mesh Stiffness and Verification by Theoretical Models. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 552 - 566. Go to original source...
    32. [28] PIÓRKOWSKI, P., ROSZKOWSKI, A., SZABLA, Z. (2025). Diagnostics of Milling Head Using Acoustic Emission. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 222 - 229. Go to original source...
    33. [29] VA©INA, M., HRU®ÍK, L., BUREČEK, A. et al. (2019). A Study of Factors Influencing Sound Absorption Properties of Porous Materials. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 156 - 160. Go to original source...
    34. [30] JURICKA, M., FOJTL, L., RUSNÁKOVÁ, S., JUŘIČKOVÁ, E. (2020). Acoustic Characteristics of Composite Structures Used in Train. In: Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 335 - 341. Go to original source...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content