Manufacturing Technology Journal - Latest articles
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Identification Method of Vibration Drilling Bit Wear State Based on Signal Im-aging and Deep Learning
Yingyu Du, Zhiyi Lu, Enquan Chang, Qinghua Li, Yaochen Shi
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):392-398 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.055 
In vibration-assisted drilling, the wear state of the drill bit affects the processing quality of the hole. The traditional method of identifying the wear state of the drill bit adopts the method of packet de-composition, ignoring the timing characteristics of the signal. In this paper, the force and acoustic emission signals in vibration-assisted drilling are used. The Gram angle field converts the one-dimensional time series into a two-dimensional image, while retaining the trajectory of the time se-ries in the high-dimensional space. Based on the Graham difference field (GADF) image of force and AE, the Inception improved convolutional neural network...
Identification of Residual Stresses after Machining a Gearwheel Made by Sintering Metal Powder
Peter Kozový, Michal Šajgalík, Mário Drbúl, Jozef Holubják, Jaromír Markovič, Richard Joch, Róbert Balšianka
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):468-474 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.054
SLS additive technology is an innovative method of metal components production, using a high material proportion. Currently, gearwheels are still one of the most used engineering parts, not only in the automotive, but also in other industries. For example, milling is used to reduce their weight, but the material can be distorted after this operation. The occurrence of cracks propagating in the transition region after induction hardening was the reason for conducting experiments with an alternative machining technology. The article deals with the identification of the influence of machining on residual stress change of a gearwheel made of sintered metal...
The Piston Velocity Impact on the Filling Chamber Wave Formation of High Pressure Die Casting Machine in 1st Phase of Casting Cycle
Jan Majernik, Martin Podaril
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):495-503 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.053
The quality properties of high pressure die casts are closely correlated with porosity. The formation of porosity is primarily initiated by entrapment of air and gases in the volume of the melt, during its transition through the gating system. This entrapment can occur as a result of an incorrect design of the gating system, incorrect setting of the casting technological parameters, or sometimes a combi-nation of both causes. The setting of the piston velocity in the first and second phase of the casting cycle has the highest proportion of the gas entrapment of all the technological parameters. The sub-mitted article is describing the influence of...
High Temperature Protective Coatings for Aeroengine Applications
Jakub Jopek, Magdalena Mokrzycka, Marek Góral, Barbara Koscielniak, Kamil Ochal, Marcin Drajewicz
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):436-448 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.052
Nickel superalloys are the main materials used in manufacturing of turbine blades and vanes in aero-space industry. They works is extremely high temperature in a corrosive environment (oxidation, hot corrosion) and undergo several different thermo-mechanical loads. Aluminide coatings are the main method of protection of the surface of nickel superalloys against exhaust gasses environment in jet en-gine. In presented article the microstructural characterization of aluminide coatings produced using two industrial methods (pack cementation and out of pack was conducted. The commercially available powders manufactured by Oerlikon-Metco were used in aluminizing...
Evaluation of Measurement Uncertainty Obtained with a Tool Probe on a CNC Machine Tool
Daria Sałamacha, Jerzy Józwik
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):513-524 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.051
The paper presents the results of measurement uncertainty obtained with a tool probe for 4 cutting tools with different values of the nominal radius rf = {3,4,5,7} mm. The tool probe was used to collect experimental data enabling the evaluation of the uncertainty budget of the measuring system. The evaluation was made based on a statistical analysis of measured tool radius values. Each radius value was determined by 30 repetitions of tool probe measurement. The mean value and the standard uncertainty of obtained results were determined. Assuming that the expansion factor was k=2, the expanded uncertainty U was determined, its value ranging between...
Study of the Effect of Pretreatment of 3D Printed PLA Filament Modified by Plasma Discharge and Changes in Its Dynamic-Mechanical Properties
Marcel Kohutiar, Róbert Janík, Michal Krbata, Lenka Bartosova, Milan Jus, Ľudmila Timárová
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):461-467 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.050
The presented study focuses on the study of polylactide acid (PLA) material, which is a frequently used material in 3D printing. Surface modification using DCSBD plasma discharge is proposed as a way to improve the adhesion between individual layers of material. Adhesion is a critical factor for achieving high-quality print output, as low adhesion can cause individual deposited layers of material to separate and ripple during printing. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) is used to determine the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a material. Tg is important because it determines how difficult the material is to print, the closer the Tg is to room temperature,...
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Strengthening Mechanism of Back Extruded WE71 Magnesium Alloy Cylindrical Part
Ting Li, Dehao Bu, Jiawei Yuan, Xiaolei Han, Zhiwei Du, Zhaoqian Sun, Yonggang Peng, Kui Zhang
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):475-484 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.049
In the present work, the microstructure, crystal orientation, mechanical properties and strengthening mechanisms for different regions of WE71 cylindrical parts have been investigated. The results showed that from inner wall to outer wall, second phases density, DRX fraction decreased but average grain size increased, which is well agree with the strain state and metal flow during back extrusion. For compression area, α//ED texture type can be found in region a, but α directions deflects from ED to TD at a certain angle for region b and c. For shear area, α directions deflects from ED to TD about 10°~45°. For stable forming area, the...
Experimental Validation of the Biomechanical Response of an Anthropo-morphic Testing Device (Dummy) at Low Impact Velocities
Karel Jelen, Petr Kubovy, Frantisek Lopot, Lukas Fara, Roman Jezdik, Filip Hrusa, Hynek Purs, Tommi Tikkanen, Martin Novak, Martin Svoboda, Lubos Tomsovsky
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):418-425 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.047
The paper describes the experimental validation of the biomechanical response of the Hybrid III 50th Percentile Male Pedestrian Dummy (JASTI, Tokyo, Japan) at low impact velocity (up to 2.2 m/s) in comparison with that of human probands. The paper is based on previous research that was focused on the tram-pedestrian crash tests using the same dummy. The biofidelity of the dummy was analyzed in two collision scenarios: the anteroposterior impact (chest impact) and lateral impact (shoulder impact) using a unique pendulum impact testing machine of own design and construction. The primary outcome variable was the peak resultant acceleration of the head...
Advances in Surface Laser Cladding Remanufacturing of Shaft Parts
Changlong Zhao, Junbao Yang, Ming Li, Qinxiang Zhao, Hongnan Ma, Xiaoyu Jia, Haifeng Zhang
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(4):564-578 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.037
This paper provides an overview of the commonly used processes and equipment for laser cladding, including pre-set powder feeding, simultaneous powder feeding, wire feeding cladding, and coaxial cladding nozzles. By comparing the above processes and related nozzles, the coating characteristics are summarized for the selection of appropriate methods and equipment in different working environments. Meanwhile, the morphology and properties of the clad layers of shaft parts processed with different process parameters (e.g. laser power, scanning speed, lap rate, powder feed rate) and the influence of the combined parameters are overviewed. The changes and...
Gas Metal Arc Welding Input Parameters Impacts on Weld Quality Characteristics of Steel Materials a Comprehensive Exploration
Tesfaye Negash Wordofa, Perumalla Janaki Ramulu
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):366-379 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.046
To be competitive, present-day manufacturing industries strive to optimize manufacturing parameters and produce quality products consistently. From various manufacturing processes, welding is one of the key processes for joining a large variety of indispensable products including the production of automotive body in white structures, assembly of large metal civil structures, nuclear installations, pressure vessels, aircraft, and spacecraft materials, etc. In order to get the level of quality requirement of welded components, an optimized combination of welding parameters plays a vital role. However, the realizations of this optimum combination of welding...
Experimental Study on the Effect of Oxidation on the Compressibility of Iron Powder
Falah Mustafa Al- Saraireh
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):319-325 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.045
An experimental study was carried out on the effect of oxidation temperature and the oxide film composition on the compressibility of porous materials. samples were annealed at different temperatures; the size change in the samples after annealing was measured. The phase composition of the oxide layer was investigated. Magnetite was generated at between 350 and 450°C, and two-phase oxide was formed at 550°C, after oxidation, weight gain was determined. The presence of pore overgrowth, which reduces porosity, was confirmed by metallographic tests. The maximum porosity is found in the oxidized samples produced by pressing at room temperature. The process...
Volume Change Measurements Using 2D DIC System
Barbora Kotlánová, Jakub Javořík, Milan Žaludek, Raphael Olabanji Ogunleye
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):307-312 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.044
The presented study focuses on measuring volume changes in elastomeric materials using digital image correlation (DIC), specifically the 2D DIC universal system and the 2D DIC video-extensometer directly implemented to the universal testing machine. Optical measurement methods were applied in two-dimensional (2D) configurations during the mechanical testing of dumbbell-shaped test specimens under uniaxial tension. The measured data were used to determine the dependencies of the bulk modulus and Poisson's ratio on the strain. The dependencies obtained by both methods correspond to the model behavior of rubber-like materials. Compared to the 2D DIC implemented...
Application of the Method of Planned Experiment for the Evaluation of the Surface Roughness Parameter Ra
Ľudmila Timárová, Alena Breznická, Beáta Kopiláková
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):348-353 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.043
The basic process of acquiring new knowledge is trial/experiment. We can define an experiment as a certain process that we prepare, organize and plan in order to know the object under investigation. Each experiment requires a multifaceted activity associated with professional knowledge, preparation of material security, espe-cially security with measuring devices and measurement methods for determining the correct (objective) measured values. Planning experiments and analyzing the obtained results are important stages in revealing the nature and course of the technological process. With the planned experiment, we try to create such con-ditions that...
Possibilities of Using Impedance Spectroscopy for Indirect Measurements of Thin Layers of Al & Cr-Al Coatings on Ni-based Superalloy Inconel 713LC Applied by the "Out-of-pack" Diffusion Method
Michal Krbata, Peter Fabo, Marcel Kohutiar, Jana Escherova, Michal Kuba, Marta Kianicova, Maros Eckert
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):313-318 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.042
The presented work deals with the research of the super-alloy Inconel 713LC, on which an Al-based coating was applied using the "Out-of-pack" diffusion coating process, or CrAl. In this contribution, the results of measuring the thickness of thin coatings using a confocal laser microscope and the method of impedance spectroscopy are presented and discussed. This can demonstrate the possibility of being used also for researching the properties of thin layers using a VF probe, which, thanks to the use of ferrite, has a practically constant inductance in the entire frequency range, and the presence of a metal sample in the magnetic circuit of the probe...
Effect of High Temperature Heat Treatment on the Structure and Properties of FeCoCrNiZr Alloy
Jiasheng Shen, Sheng Lei, Jigen Fang, Yafeng Liu, Zhengqiang Hu, Shaojie Cui, Hailang Zhang, Zhengwei Xue
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):326-332 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.041
FeCoCrNiZr high-entropy alloy was melted by vacuum arc melting. The alloys were vacuum annealed at 873, 1073, and 1273K, respectively. The microstructure, compressive mechanical properties, thermal stability, and hardness of as-cast and annealed FeCoCrNiZr alloys at different annealing temperatures were investigated by using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness tester and universal material testing machine. The results reveal that it has no noticeable change in the phase composition of the alloy after high temperature annealing. The as-cast FeCoCrNiZr alloy is composed of the body-centred cubic phase and Laves...
Finite Element Simulation of Cylinder Closure Spinning
Liyan Sui, Yilian Xie, Baoming Liu, Zhen Jia
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):333-340 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.040
As a gas storage container, gas cylinders have been widely used in industry, mining, military, medicine, diving, automobiles and other fields. The gas cylinder produced by spinning can fundamentally eliminate the defects related to the weld in the traditional production process. In order to explore the metal flow law of cylinder closure spinning, its finite element simulation is established and carried out by using ABAQUS/explicit software. The influence of the parameters such as angle radius R and screw wheel installation angle on the metal flow field and wall thickness distribution are studied and revealed.
Method for Controlling Production Cost of Nano Ti-based Materials based on DMAIC
Aobing Wang, Haiyan Zhang, Xin Li, Xin Zhang, Wenjing Wang
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):354-365 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.039
In order to reduce the production cost of nano titanium based functional materials, a production cost control method of nano titanium based functional materials based on DMAIC is proposed in this paper. The DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) model was used to analyze the production of nanoTi-based functional materials and define the main factors affecting the production cost of nanoTi-based functional materials. The indicators for measuring the quali. The regression model was established to determine the main factors affecting the rod content and yield of nanoTi-based functional materials. The appropriate experiments were used to determine...
Cold Blow Forming of a Thin Sheet in AA8006 Aluminum Alloy
Gillo Giuliano, Gianluca Parodo, Wilma Polini, Luca Sorrentino
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):284-289 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.038
Thin sheets of aluminum alloys are widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products and in the food industry; however they present critical issues during the forming process. The blow forming process, which is widely used in the glass and plastics industries and for the hot forming of metal sheets, allows solving the problems related to the lubrication and the small tolerance ranges of the tools required by the well-known deep drawing process to form a thin sheet. In this work, the blow forming process is proposed for the first time to cold form thin metal sheets. Its advantage is connected with the use of equipment with a simple...
Overall Equipment Effectiveness-related Assembly Pattern Catalogue based on Machine Learning
Péter Dobra, János Jósvai
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):276-283 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.036
Nowadays, a lot of data is generated in production and also in the domain of assembly, from which different patterns can be extracted using machine learning methods with the support of data mining. With the help of the revealed patterns, the assembly operations and processes can be further opti-mized, thus the profit achieved can be increased. This article attempts to explore the patterns related to the most used Key Performance Indicator (KPI) in manufacturing, the Overall Equipment Effec-tiveness (OEE) metric. The patterns and relationships discovered will be sorted into Assembly Pattern Catalogue (APC). Firstly, a literature review demonstrates...
Effect on Surface Properties of H13 Mold Steel Cladding Layer by Scanning Strategy
Changlong Zhao, Junbao Yang, Ming Li, Qinxiang Zhao, Hongnan Ma, Xiaoyu Jia, Haifeng Zhang
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):380-390 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.035
Laser cladding technology is used to clad the surface layer of H13 mold steel with Ni60A metal powder coating to solve the failure problem. The study used JMatPro software to extract and fit the thermophysical property parameters of the substrate and the clad material, and then used ANSYS APDL software to qualitatively analyze the distribution of melt pool morphology, nodal temperature versus time course curve and residual stress magnitude during the laser cladding process. Based on the results of the minimum residual stress in the cladding, reasonable scan paths were derived for the preparation of metal coatings on the surface layer of the die steel....
A Design of Experiment Analysis Approach to Improve Part Quality in 3D Printing
Mostafa Abbas Jabbar
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):290-297 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.034
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is one of the widely used technologies of additive manufacturing. The concern over the surface quality and dimensional accuracy is getting increased among the research community. The design of the experimental methodology is based on the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of fractional factorial design. This analysis was used to study the effect of layer thickness, extrusion temperature, speed of deposition, and fill density on dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of the model developed by FDM. Polylactic Acid (PLA) material has been selected in this work as it is inexpensive, easy to print, and biodegradable. The results...
The Effect of Mixing the Additive Material with the Substrate During the Renovation of the Foundry Mold by TIG Welding Hardfacing
Jozef Sutka, Radoslav Konar
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):341-347 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.033
The article is focused on the effect of mixing the additional material with the substrate (base materi-al) on the properties of the weld metal during arc welding with TIG technology. The research is aimed at the use of arc welding with TIG technology in the repair of foundry molds. These are repairs of permanent steel foundry molds. The parts of the mold in contact with the liquid metal are subject-ed to heat-chemical-mechanical stress. This load causes mold wear, which causes a decrease in sur-face quality and a change in the dimensional accuracy of the casting. The main cause of wear on the functional surfaces of the mold cavity is tribological processes....
The Biomechanics of Head Injuries during Tram-Pedestrian Accidents
Karel Jelen, Eva Tlapakova, Monika Sorfova, Ondrej Fanta, Petr Kubovy, Frantisek Lopot, Filip Hrusa, Lukas Fara, Roman Jezdik, Hynek Purs, Tommi Tikkanen, Martin Novak, Lubos Tomsovsky
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):298-306 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.031
The goal of the study was to analyze the kinematic and dynamic response of the human head during the primary impact of tram-pedestrian collisions. The anthropomorphic test device (dummy) was used for two collision scenarios: the frontal (dummy facing the approaching tram) and side impact (dummy standing with its shoulder towards the tram). The crash tests were conducted with four different types of tram, typical for Prague’s public transportation, and at four different impact speeds (5, 10, 15, and 20 km/h). The primary outcome variable was the resultant head acceleration. The risk and severity of possible head injuries were analyzed using the...
Effect of Temperature and Deformation on the Stability of Retained Austenite in Closed-die Forgings from High-strength Martensitic Manganese-silicon Steels
Dagmar Bublíková, Hana Jirková, Adam Stehlík, Štěpán Jeníček
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(3):269-275 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.030
In advanced steels, retained austenite is an important phase in the final microstructure, which provides a favourable combination of strength and ductility. Advanced methods capable of achieving this include the Q-P process (Quenching and Partitioning). By this means, strength of around 2000 MPa and elongation of 10-15 % can be obtained. The main factors that determine whether retained austenite remains stable in the mar-tensitic matrix include its morphology, particle size and distribution. A closed-die forging was made from an experimental steel containing 0.42 % C, 2.45 % Mn, 2.09 % Si, 1.34 % Cr and 0.56 % Ni and Q-P processed. Based on previous...
Design of Dual-Head 3D Printer
Vlastimil Chalupa, Michal Stanek, Jiří Vanek, Jan Strnad, Martin Ovsik
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(2):177-185 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.032
Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) printers are usually designed to create a product with one single ma-terial. Some of them allow fabricate items in multiple colours but creating a single product consisting of two different materials remains an advantage of industrial 3D printers only. The aim of this research was to develop a design of a device with two printheads which enables to print products with two different materials, compatible with a cheap and commonly available FFF device Prusa i3MK2S, and the subse-quent production of a prototype. A key aspect of the design was the hardware compatibility of the device with the given printer while maintaining...
Comparison of Mechanical and Tribological Properties of TiN and ZrN Coatings Deposited by Arc-PVD
Michal Krafka, Ladislav Lemberk, Nikolay Petkov, Lucie Svobodová, Totka Bakalova
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(2):194-203 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.029
The continuous development of thin coatings for different applications and using various coating meth-ods require the characterization of these newly formed surfaces to evaluate their utility properties. Binary thin coatings of titanium (TiN) and zirconium (ZrN) nitrides were prepared using the Arc-PVD (Ca-thodic Arc Deposition) method. Differences were observed in the structure and morphology of the thin coatings and the change in tribological properties at room and elevated temperatures (150 °C and 300 °C). The research is focused on evaluating the frictional properties of the coating using the Ball-on-Disc method in the dry friction mode. The emphasis...
Analysis of the Substitutability of Conventional Technologies in the Design of a Clamping Vise for Measurement Using an Optical Measuring System
Miroslav Cedzo, Jozef Holubják, Tatiana Czánová, Pavol Timko, Peter Kozový, Mário Drbúl
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(2):136-142 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.028
The work deals with the possibility of using additive technology in the production of positioning and clamping device. The designed clamping device will facilitate and accelerate the measurement of samples with inclined or different irregular surfaces. The designed device is manufactured by additive technology using composites. Onyx material reinforced with Kevlar fibers was used as material for composite printing. The designed device should achieve the required properties for the firm and stable clamping of the components during the measurement process, and its weight should be significantly reduced with the use of composite material.
Geometric Accuracy of Components Manufactured by SLS Technology Regarding the Orientation of the Model during 3D Printing
Miroslav Matuš, Vladimír Bechný, Richard Joch, Mário Drbúl, Jozef Holubják, Andrej Czán, Martin Novák, Michal Šajgalík
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(2):233-240 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.027
Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) or sintering of polymer powders is one of the most well-known additive technologies for printing 3D components. The properties of individual polymer powder materials have a significant impact on the quality of the manufactured part. Potential deformation and shrinkage can occur during printing if a significant number of parts are piled on top of one another or are oriented incorrectly, accumulating thermal energy in certain areas. The aforementioned research focuses on an experimental study to investigate the impact of the distribution and orientation of printing samples in the build chamber on the accuracy of dimensions...
Fire Resistance Test of Geopolymer Coatings on Non-Metallic Underlying Substrates
Filip Mamoń, Martin Jaskevič, Jakub Mareš, Jan Novotný
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(2):225-232 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.026
This article summarizes the results from the fire resistance test of geopolymer suspensions in the form of coatings on non-metallic substrates. Their heat resistance was evaluated based on the burn-through time compared to the uncoated substrate. Non-metallic substrate materials, extruded polystyrene (XPS) and chipboard (DTD) were chosen as the underlying substrates for GP suspension research. Parameters from the fire resistance test as fire test duration of geopolymer coatings and percentage increase in burn time of geopolymer coatings on an XPS and DTD substrates compared to an uncoated substrate were evaluated. One of the discussed point was also...
Material Properties of High-strength High Chromium TWIP Steel with Increased Corrosion Resistance
Pavel Podaný, Tomáš Studecký, Aleksandra Kocijan
Manufacturing Technology 2023, 23(2):241-246 | DOI: 10.21062/mft.2023.025
Twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are a class of high-strength steels that have been devel-oped for their outstanding ductility and strength properties. TWIP refers to the fact that these steels display an unusually high degree of deformation before fracture due to the formation of twins during deformation. TWIP steels could be used in a variety of industries for structural applications or com-ponents that need to withstand high levels of stress and deformation. This article deals with the de-velopment of high strength with fully austenitic microstructure and high chromium content. Micro-structure, mechanichal and corrosion properties of this...